Issued .Tune 23, 1910. 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU OF SOILS—BULLETIN No. 69. 

MILTON WHITNEY, Chief. 


C 



A REVIEW OF THE PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF 
IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE THICKNESS AND 
QUALITY OF THE DEPOSITS. 


BY 

W. IT. WAGGAMAN. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 







































































' 


■ 






















































































































































» 


. 











Issued June 23, 1910. 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

1 

BUREAU OF SOILS—BULLETIN No. 69. 


MILTON WHITNEY, Chief. 


A REVIEW OF THE PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF 
IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE THICKNESS AND 
QUALITY OF THE DEPOSITS. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1910 . 



























LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 


U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Soils, 
Washington , D. C., February 2, 1910. 

Sir: I transmit herewith the manuscript of an article entitled 
“A Review of the Phosphate Fields of Idaho, Utah, and W} 7 oming, 
with Special Reference to the Thickness and Quality of the Deposits,” 
by W. H. Waggaman, of this Bureau. I have the honor to recom¬ 
mend that this article be published as Bulletin No. 69 of the Bureau 
of Soils. 

Very respectfully, Milton Whitney, 

Chief of Bureau. 

Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



PREFACE. 


One of the lines of work in progress in the Bureau of Soils is the investigation of 
phosphatic fertilizers. Important contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry 
of the phosphates of lime, iron, and alumina have been made in the laboratories and 
the results have been published in Bulletin No. 41, Bureau of Soils, United States 
Department of Agriculture, 1907. Further work along this line is now in progress. 
Experiments upon the cultural value of phosphatic fertilizers have also been con¬ 
ducted, and the large mass of evidence furnished by the field and plot investigations 
of American and foreign experiment stations has been collected and classified. 

It is obviously of importance that a detailed and comprehensive knowledge of exist¬ 
ing phosphate deposits, especially American deposits, should also be available. 
This office has welcomed, therefore, the opportunity to cooperate with the United 
States Geological Survey in studying one of the largest and potentially most valuable 
deposits in the world. The present bulletin is a contribution to our knowledge of 
this deposit, prepared with the agricultural interests involved primarily in view. 
While further field work on American deposits is now in progress, it is believed 
desirable to publish at the present time the results contained in the following pages, 
owing to the active public interest in the subject. 

Frank K. Cameron, 

In Charge of Physical and Chemical Investigations. 

3 






















• 








CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction. 7 

Location of the fields. 8 

Accessibility. 9 

Geologic occurrence of the phosphate beds. 9 

General statement. 9 

Associated formations. 9 

Structural relations. 10 

Description of the field method for determining phosphoric acid. 12 

Idaho. 13 

Georgetown area. 13 

Montpelier area. 17 

Hot Springs area.‘ 20 

Wyoming. 23 

Thomas Fork area. 23 

Cokeville area. 29 

Beckwith Hills area. 32 

Utah. 35 

Crawford Mountains area. 35 

Woodruff Creek area. 42 

Laketown area. 44 

Comparison of the western phosphate with that from other sources. 46 

Manufacture of fertilizers. 47 

Outlook for the future. 48 


ILLUSTRATION. 


PLATE. 

Page. 

Plate I. Sketch map showing location of phosphate deposits. 48 

5 






























A REVIEW OF THE PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, 

AND WYOMING. 


INTRODUCTION. 

In some of our Western States there is a deposit of phosphate rock 
extending over a large area—in fact, one of the largest phosphate 
areas now known in the world. This region, so far as yet explored, 
comprises portions of northeastern Utah, southeastern Idaho, and 
southwestern Wyoming. The area in these States underlain with 
phosphatic rocks exceeds the phosphate areas of Florida and Ten¬ 
nessee, and it compares favorably with the large phosphate fields of 
northern Africa in Tunis, Algiers, Oran, and Morocco. Not only 
are these western deposits extensive in area, but the phosphate occurs 
in thick, readily workable beds, and chemical analyses of the rocks 
show them to be of high grade. Thus the favorable conditions of 
quality, thickness, and area of workable beds make these western 
phosphate deposits a valuable national asset. 

Interest in these lands has been stimulated by the recent conserva¬ 
tion movement, since phosphate rock is generally considered to be 
one of the natural resources which is apparently being most rapidly 
depleted. The Secretary of the Interior, by order of December 9, 
1908, and subsequent orders in the spring of 1909, withdrew from 
all form of entry some 6,700 square miles of the public domain in 
western Wyoming, eastern Idaho, and northeastern Utah. This 
area included most of the lands known to contain workable phosphate 
deposits near the surface, and possibly also at reasonable depths. 
These withdrawals were made on the basis of the then available 
geological data, which were more or less meager. Consequently, the 
Department of the Interior sent out two Geological Survey parties 
in the summer of 1909 to classify these lands according to their value 
in phosphate rock, so that the nonphospliatic portions could be 
restored to possible agricultural entry. By previous arrangement 
with the Department of Agriculture the writer was assigned to assist 
in the work as chemist. 

One party, comprising Prof. Eliot Blackwelder and Mr. Jessup, 
both of the University of Wisconsin, worked in several townships 
in the southwestern corner of the area, from the vicinity of the Devils 

7 



8 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 

Slide, Croydon, and Morgan, on the Union Pacific Railroad, north¬ 
ward through Huntsville and Eden, in Morgan and Weber counties, 
Utah. The main party comprised Mr. Hoyt S. Gale, in charge, 
assisted by Messrs. Ralph W. Richards and Carpel L. Breger, all of 
the United States Geological Survey, and with this party the writer 
was stationed throughout the season. For two months the party 
was assisted by Dr. George H. Girty, of the United States Geological 
Survey, expert on the Carboniferous systems which include the rock 
formations containing the phosphate. It was of obvious advantage 
to the parties to have immediate information regarding the value of 
the lands surveyed. Consequently all the analyses, some 340 in 
number, were made in the field with a portable laboratory outfit. 
Owing to the distance separating the respective parties of Mr. Gale 
in the Bear River Valley and of Professor Blackwelder in the Salt 
Lake district, it was impracticable to render immediate assistance 
to the latter, but various samples were analyzed from time to time 
as they arrived. At the close of the field season the writer went to 
San Francisco and Los Angeles to inspect the plants manufacturing 
the phosphate rock into fertilizers. 

The present report contains the results of work in the season of 
1909 on the sampling and analyses of the phosphate rock, together 
with some notes on the processes of its manufacture into superphos¬ 
phate and mixed fertilizers, and on the present status of the industry 
in general so far as the western phosphate field is concerned. A 
report dealing at length with the geology of the phosphate area will 
be published by the Geological Survey in the near future. 0 

LOCATION OF THE FIELDS. 

Only a small proportion of the total phosphate withdrawals was 
examined in 1909. The present report includes only those portions 
of Bear Lake County, Idaho, Uinta County, Wyo., and Rich County, 
Utah, which were examined by the party in charge of Mr. Gale 
during the past season. The principal areas so examined com¬ 
prise: (1) The east side of Bear Lake Valley from Georgetown, Ben¬ 
nington, and Montpelier, Idaho, southward through Dingle, Hot 
Springs, North Eden and South Eden canyons, to Laketown, Utah, 
and continuing southerly beyond Randolph and Woodruff, Utah, to 
the phosphate prospects near the head of Twelve-mile Creek, near 
the southwest corner of Rich County, Utah; and (2) the Sublette- 
Crawford Mountains belt, comprising the Sublette Mountain range 
from north of Raymond Canyon, southward through Cokeville, 

“Gale, Hoyt S., and Richards, Ralph W., Preliminary Report on the Phosphate 
Deposits in Southeastern Idaho and Adjacent Parts of Wyoming and Utah: Bui. U. S. 
Geol. Survey No. 430, 1910. 



GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCE OF THE PHOSPHATE BEDS. 9 

Wyo., through the Beckwith Hills and Sage, Wyo., and through 
the Crawford Mountains along the Utah-Wyoming border. 

ACCESSIBILITY. 

The phosphate rock occurs as a bedded deposit interstratified with 
the limestones and quartzites found commonly in the higher hills 
and mountain chains of the region. Only in the Beckwith Hills area 
north of the Crawford Mountains, and near Cokeville, do the phos¬ 
phate rocks come down to the larger valley bottoms within a mile 
of the railroad. Elsewhere, however, though occurring in the higher 
ranges, the phosphate rock is within easy access of possible spurs 
from the Oregon Short Line Railroad. At present the phosphate 
mined in the Georgetown, Montpelier, Cokeville, and Crawford 
Mountain areas is hauled by wagon for 8, 4, 1J, and 5 miles, 
respectively. 

GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCE OF THE PHOSPHATE BEDS. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

A study of the phosphate beds of the Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming 
fields, and of the relation of the ores to the series of stratified rocks 
in which they are interbedded, shows them to be original sedimentary 
deposits. Although the original deposits may have been altered 
later by secondary chemical processes, so that recrystallization, en¬ 
richment, or impoverishment of certain strata have taken place, 
nevertheless there is sufficient evidence to indicate that such action 
has been of minor importance. The phosphate deposits are a part 
of a great series of sedimentary strata, deposited at a time when 
this part cf the earth’s surface was submerged. Following the 
deposition of these beds, other deposits were similarly formed to 
a thickness of many thousands of feet, and subsequent deformation 
of the earth’s crust folded and broke the originally flat-lying strata. 
Thus the rock phosphate ores are, in the manner of their occurrence 
and origin, more properly analogous to deposits of coal or lime¬ 
stone, and especially to the sedimentary Clinton iron ores of the 
Appalachian region, than they are to those ore deposits formed 
in veins, lodes, shoots, or in alluvial deposits of the placer type. 

ASSOCIATED FORMATIONS. 

The phosphate ores of this general region occur in rocks of Car¬ 
boniferous age, as may be seen from the following summary of the 
geologic formations, which are more or less directly related to the 
study of these deposits: 

Jurassic-Cretaceous_Beckwith formation. 

Twin Creek limestone. 


Jurassic-- 

34143—Bull. 69—10-2 





10 


PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


Jurassic of Triassic_ 

Triassic or Carboniferous 


Pennsylvanian 


Carboniferous_. 


Mississippian 


_Nugget sandstone. 

Ankareh shale. 

_• Thaynes limestone. 

Woodside shale. 

Park City formation (including 
the phosphate beds). 

.Weber quartzite. 

(not differentiated as formations). 


STRUCTURAL RELATIONS. 


The study of the phosphate rocks themselves necessarily includes 
the consideration in some detail of both overlying and underlying 
stratigraphic formations to the extent that the associated rocks 
will be useful in tracing both outcrop and underground position of 
the more valuable beds. The total thickness of the strata in which 
the phosphate occurs is generally not greater than 200 feet. Expo¬ 
sures of these beds present very definite characteristics, and are 
remarkably constant for great distances (judging from present 
knowledge of these fields). The fossils associated with the phosphate 
beds and found in the overlying and underlying strata are in many 
places valuable guides in determining the position and depth of the 
phosphate series below the surface. If the phosphate beds were in 
their original horizontal position, with the succeeding formations 
deposited upon them in normal horizontal position, the thickness of 
the beds would be a measure of the depth of the workable deposits. 
Wherever these beds become tilted and folded, an additional factor 
must be introduced into the computation of the position and depth 
of the phosphate layer. 

The phosphatic beds constitute a part of a geological formation 
known as the Park City, the nature and composition of which is 
described in more detail in the consideration of the various localities 
where the deposits have been studied. One of the best exposed 
sections observed during the season’s work is in the Georgetown 
area in the Preuss Range, described on pages 13 and 14 of this report. 
This may be taken in a general way as representative of the char¬ 
acter and succession of these beds as elsewhere found, although 
details such as thickness and phosphatic content of individual beds 
vary from place to place. The phosphate-bearing zone is composed 
chiefly of a brown or dark-colored shale, with bands of limestone 
and beds of so-called oolitic or pebbly phosphate rock, which, being 
higher in phosphate, constitute the workable deposits. While the 
phosphatic section in the Georgetown district appears to be only 
140 feet thick, other localities, chiefly toward the south, have shown 
thicknesses of a corresponding section ranging up to 250 or perhaps 
300 feet. A summary of this representative section is here given 
as a typical section: 







STRUCTURAL RELATIONS. 


11 


Table I. — Section of the phosphate-hearing beds near Preuss or Mead Peak , Idaho. 


No. 


Field No. 144. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 


6 

7 


8 

9 

10 


A. 

B, C, D. 

E, F. 

G, H, I. 

K, L, M, N... 


O. 

P, Q, R 


S. 

T 


Description. 


Shale, brown weathering calcareous, irregular chip fragments.. 

Phosphate rock, pebbly or oolitic, brown or gray weathered... 

Shale, phosphatic, brownish, somewhat pebbly, earthy compo¬ 
sition. 

Phosphate rock, alternating layers of fine to coarse pebbly rock. 

Shale, phosphatic (including limestone, dark, compact, fine¬ 
grained—not sampled; 1 foot 9 inches), mostly dark-brown 
earthy composition. 

Shale; phosphatic, dark-brown, earthy (containing 4 feet lime 
stone—not sampled). 

Shale; phosphatic, dark-brown, including 11 inches limestone 
(not sampled). 

Limestone; massive, fossiliferous (not sampled). 

Phosphate rock (main bed), fine to medium grained pebbly 
texture; dark-brown or black color. 

Shale, phosphatic, brown, earthy composition. 

Limestone, massive, thickness not determined. 


P 205 . 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

Per cent. 

Ft. in. 

3.5 

25 G 

28.9 

4 5 

13.2 

2 5 

33.2 

10 10 

17.2 

51 6 

21.2 

12 0 

23.5 

23 0 


3 2 

36.8 

6 4 

3.7 

0 9 


Total 


139 11 


The zone, including the phosphatic beds, is normally overlain by 
a massive cherty limestone, locally referred to as the 11 clierty lime” 
or Productus limestone, the latter name derived from the common 
occurrence in the rock of a fossil brachiopod shell of the genus Pro¬ 
ductus. From the resistant character of this rock and its prominence 
in ledges, it is a useful guide in indicating the position of the under¬ 
lying phosphate beds. Underlying the workable phosphate beds and 
associated phosphatic shales, a massive bedded limestone of fine to 
coarse granular composition is normally found. This rock is of pale 
bluish color on the weathered surfaces or in freshly broken faces, 
and is more or less arenaceous or siliceous. This has been locally 
described as the “underlying lime.” 

Estimates of the depth to which the valuable deposits extend 
are based upon the character, thickness, and continuity of overlying 
strata as they are revealed in outcrops, and for this reason a some¬ 
what careful study of the formations immediately overlying the 
Productus limestone was made. Next in the geologic column are 
the Woodside, Thaynes, and Aukareh formations, which, without 
entering into a discussion of the minor subdivisions and character¬ 
istics or of the included fossils, may be described as composed in 
the lower part of brownish weathering sandy or muddy limestones, 
usually of shaly bedded structure, and of reddish shale to a thick¬ 
ness of a few hundred feet, and in the upper part of alternating 
strata of blue weathered limestone, brownish weathered sandstone, 
and sandy shale, including reddish shales near the top. The thick¬ 
ness of the Woodside, Thaynes, and Aukareh formations is about 
3,000 feet. Succeeding this group comes another formation of great 
thickness, described in a report on Wyoming coal fields, 0 which 

a Veatch, A. 0., Geography and Geology of a Portion of Southwestern Wyoming, 
U. S. Geological Survey. P. P. No. 56, 1907. 






























12 


PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


lie adjacent to this territory, as the Nugget formation. This is 
approximately 2,500 feet thick, and is composed mainly of coarse 
red and white sandstone, very massive, and at times strongly cross- 
bedded. Above the Nugget are found thin-bedded and shaly lime¬ 
stones, described as the Twin Greek formation in the report above 
referred to. This formation also has a thickness of several thousand 
feet. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIELD METHOD FOR DETERMINING PHOSPHORIC 

ACID. 

All the analyses in the following tables were made in the field, 
though occasionally the results were checked by analysis in the 
laboratory of the Bureau of Soils at Washington, D. C. The ap- 
paratus for chemical work was made of the most compact and 
durable materials obtainable, and the chemicals employed were, so 
far as possible, carried in solid form in order to minimize the danger 
of loss in transportation. 

Average samples representing each stratum of any importance 
in the phosphate series were obtained by chipping off pieces from 
a clean surface, beginning at the top and working down at right 
angles across the strike of the beds. The weight of the samples 
ranged from one-half pound to 4 pounds, depending on the thick¬ 
ness of the beds. Each sample was crushed on the small bucking 
board, quartered down, pulverized in the small porcelain mortar, 
and finally put through the sieve. During damp weather, or when 
the samples were collected from prospects wet from percolating 
water, they were dried in an oven, but in these normally dry regions 
this was seldom necessary. 

Two grams of the sample were weighed and brushed into an 
enameled cup; 25 to 30 c. c. of water (not distilled) were added 
and 10 c. c. of concentrated nitric acid. The cup was covered with 
a watch glass, placed on the stove, and the contents allowed to digest 
for seven or eight minutes. After cooling somewhat, the insoluble 
material was filtered off, washed thoroughly on the filter, and the 
filtrate made up to 200 c. c. with water (not distilled). An aliquot 
(10 c. c. or 20 c. c., depending on the amount of P 2 0 5 present) was 
then taken for analysis. This was diluted with 20 to 30 c. c. of 
water, a few cubic centimeters of saturated solution of ammonium 
carbonate added, and sufficient nitric acid to render the solution 
acid to litmus paper. The cup was then returned to the stove, 
heated to 70° or 80° C., and 25 c. c. of ammonium molybdate solu¬ 
tion added, drop by drop, with constant stirring. After standing 
ten minutes the solution above the precipitate of ammonium phospho- 
molybdate was decanted and filtered and the precipitate washed as 
far as possible by decantation until the washings gave no acid 


IDAHO, GEORGETOWN AREA. 


13 


reaction. Distilled water was used in this last operation. The 
filter was then returned to the cup, a little distilled water was added, 
and a standard solution of potassium hydroxide was added until 
the yellow precipitate dissolved. Standard nitric acid (matched 
against the potash solution) was run in from a burette, drop by 
drop, until the pink color of the indicator—phenolphthalein—dis¬ 
appeared. The quantity of nitric acid used, subtracted from the 
amount of potassium hydroxide gave the number of cubic centi¬ 
meters of the latter solution required to dissolve the yellow pre¬ 
cipitate. The potassium hydroxide was of such strength that 1 c. c. 
equaled 1 milligram of phosphoric acid (P 2 0 5 ). This solution was 
standardized against acid potassium sulphate (HKS0 4 ). The latter, 
being a solid, can be readily transported without danger. Definite 
charges were weighed out in the laboratory before starting for the 
phosphate area, and these were made up to 200 c. c. as required. 
When the solution from a 2-gram sample of phosphate is made up to 
200 c. c. and 10 c. c. aliquots are used for analysis, all calculations 
are avoided, for the percentage of phosphoric acid present is the 
same as the number of cubic centimeters of potassium hydroxide 
necessary to dissolve the precipitate. If a 20 c. c. aliquot is taken, 
the amount of potassium hydroxide employed, divided by 2, gives 
the percentage of phosphoric acid present. 

It was found that after the samples were quartered down, it 
was possible to run through twenty determinations during the day. 
The results could usually be duplicated within 0.5 of 1 per cent of 
the actual quantity of phosphoric acid present. 

The analytical results given in the tables and text in following 
pages are expressed both as phosphoric acid and tricalcium phos¬ 
phate (Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 ). Although the phosphoric acid in the rock is 
by no means present as tricalcium phosphate, the results have been 
so calculated, the usual commercial valuations being made on that 
basis. As a matter of fact, from a chemical standpoint, it is doubt¬ 
ful if such a compound as tricalcium phosphate exists.® 

IDAHO. 

GEORGETOWN AREA. 

On the east side of Bear River, in the middle of the Preuss Moun¬ 
tains—a range extending north and south for a distance of 30 miles— 
there is a deep gulch known as Georgetown Canyon. Six to 8 miles 
from the mouth of this canyon the phosphate is exposed along the 
steep slopes which extend down from Preuss Peak and the high ridge 
to the north. The geological structure is somewhat complex. The 
phosphate deposits occupy the trough of a syncline to the north and 

a Cameron and Bell, Bui. No. 41, Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 17-20. 



14 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 

west of Preuss Peak, but this structure is complicated by further 
folding and tilting, and erosion has removed much of the valuable 
rock, especially at the southern end of the phosphate properties. 

The Utah Fertilizer and Chemical Company has located a number 
of claims in this region. The main phosphate bed is at the base of the 
phosphate series, is directly overlain by a fossiliferous limestone, and 
has practically the same horizon and thickness as at Montpelier, 16 
miles south. This bed was sampled at three different points quite 
widely separated and having very different dips and strikes. The 
phosphate content of all three, however, was nearly the same. 

On one of the “Highland” claims, at the foot of the high ridge 
which extends north from Preuss Peak, there is an open cut running 
east and west across the strike and exposing the entire phosphate 
series. The beds stand nearly vertical, but dip steeply to ward the east. 
Samples representing about 140 feet of the different strata were col¬ 
lected along this cut. 

Above the main bed there are five other beds of high-grade phos¬ 
phate rock in this series. Beginning with the uppermost they occur 
as follows: 25 feet under the Productus limestone is a 6-inch stratum 
(No. 144-B) containing 35.8 per cent phosphoric acid, or 78.4 per cent 
tricalcium phosphate. Under this and separated from it by only 1 
foot of calcareous shale is a 2-foot 11-inch stratum (144-D) containing 
37.6 per cent phosphoric acid, or 82.3 per cent tricalcium phosphate. 
Only 2 feet 5 inches under this second phosphate stratum is a third bed 
(144-G) made up of seven strata aggregating 4 feet 2 inches in thickness 
and containing 33.3 per cent phosphoric acid, or 72.9 per cent trical¬ 
cium phosphate. Directly under this is a fourth bed (144-H) con¬ 
sisting of alternating bands of oolitic rock and slialy phosphate, the 
whole being 1 foot 10 inches thick and containing 29.3 per cent phos¬ 
phoric acid, or 64.1 per cent tricalcium phosphate. Below this is a 
fifth bed (144-1) consisting of phosphate rock and phosphatic shales, 
aggregating 4 feet 10 inches and containing 34.7 per cent phosphoric 
acid, or 76 per cent tricalcium phosphate. 

The next bed of high-grade rock is that at the base of the series 
(144-S), and corresponds with that mined at Montpelier, Idaho. 
It is overlain by the same fossiliferous limestone found in the Mont¬ 
pelier area. It is 90 feet 2 inches below No. 144-1, and is from 6 to 7 
feet in thickness. The samples from three different localities give an 
average of 36.5 per cent phosphoric acid, or 79.9 per cent tricalcium 
phosphate. The three consecutive beds, 144-G-H-I, have a total 
thickness of 10 feet 10 inches, averaging more than 70 per cent tri- 
calcium phosphate, and could readily be mined together. 

As can be seen from inspection of Table I, there are several thick 
beds of high-grade phosphatic shales in this section. Nos. 144- 
N-O-P-Q taken together give a bed 42 feet 2 inches in thickness, 


15 


IDAHO, GEORGETOWN AREA. 


containing an average of 23.6 per cent phosphoric acid, or 51.6 per 
cent tricalcium phosphate. 

Since much of the phosphate which is accessible occurs high up the 
slopes, tramways will have to be constructed to bring the material 
to the road at the bottom of the canyon. The timber in this section, 
however, right at hand, will minimize the cost of these tramways and 
should also prove a valuable asset in the actual mining of the phos¬ 
phate. The creek at the bottom of the gulch might also be utilized for 
water power. The long haul to the railroad, a distance of 11 or 12 
miles, will be the most expensive part of the mining operations in this 
region. Now assessment work only is being done on claims in this 
area. 

The following abbreviations are used in the tables giving the results 
of chemical analyses: 


b=black. 
hr=brown. 

br b=brownish black. 

brit=brittle. 

cal=calcareous. 

con=considerable. 

crm=crumbly. 

crs=coarse. 


eff=effervescence. 
gr=gray. 

gr b=grayish black. 

gr br=grayish brown. 

h=hard. 

ls=limestone. 

mas=massive. 

med=medium 


ool=oolite. 

phos=phosphate or phos- 
phatic. 
s=soft. 

sh=shale or shaly. 
vig=vigorous. 
w=weathered. 
yel=yellow. 


The analytical results for the Georgetown area are given in Table II. 


Table II. —Results of chemical analyses of phosphate rocks in the Georgetown area , Idaho. 

[Series from long cut ru nn ing almost east and west across strike. Exposure of 140 feet of series in what would be section 30 , township 10 south, range 44 east, Boise meridian. 

(Unsurveyed land.)] 


16 


PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


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IDAHO, MONTPELIER AREA. 


17 


MONTPELIER AREA. 

Fifteen or 16 miles farther south in the Preuss Range and north¬ 
east of the town of Montpelier, Idaho, the phosphate is again exposed, 
and considerable prospecting has been done at various points. The 
phosphate rock here is black, in part oolitic, and varies in hardness, 
though it can all be easily crushed. The main bed at the base of 
the phosphate series, as at Georgetown, is 6 feet thick and contains 
an average of 34 per cent phosphoric acid, or 75 per cent tricalcium 
phosphate. It is overlain by 4 feet of fossiliferous limestone (Table 
III, No. 9) containing 6 per cent of phosphoric acid, and underlain 
by a low-grade phosphatic shale (No. 22), which varies from 1 inch 
to 9 inches in thickness. Under this shale there is another thick 
stratum of limestone (No. 10) containing but a trace of phosphoric 
acid. The phosphatic shales above the main bed, and separated 
from it by the fossil limestone (about 30 feet were sampled) average 
about 15 per cent phosphoric acid or 33 per cent tricalcium phos¬ 
phate. These shales are quite soft and can be removed with a 
spade. They have the appearance and texture of a rich, loamy soil. 

Although analysis shows that the phosphate rock having distinctly 
oolitic structure usually contains a much higher percentage of phos¬ 
phoric acid .than the close-grained, more shaly materials, yet in some 
cases the shales show quite a high content of phosphoric acid. (See 
Table III, No. 32.) Weathering tends to increase the percentage of 
phosphoric acid present in the phosphate rock, since the carbonate 
of lime is leached out more rapidly than the phosphates. Weathered 
specimens are also much more readily crushed, falling to pieces from a 
light blow of the hammer. No good exposures of the phosphate 
series could be obtained in township 13 south, range 45 east, Boise 
meridian, but the main bed was sampled in a number of places, and, 
as can be seen from the results given in Table III, it contains an 
approximately constant quantity of phosphoric acid throughout. 
The San Francisco Chemical Company owns and operates a patented 
placer claim, called the Waterloo, 4 miles east of the town of Mont¬ 
pelier. This claim has been developed by quarrying, tunneling, and 
shafting. The phosphate beds have a dip of about 30° W., so 
that the stoping system of mining has been employed. The rock is 
removed by picks and run from the upper levels by means of chutes 
into standard ore cars. These cars are then pushed from the main 
tunnels and their contents dumped into storage bins outside the 
mine. From the bins the material is loaded into wagons and hauled 
4 miles to Montpelier, on the Oregon Short Line Railroad, which car¬ 
ries it to the fertilizer factories at San Francisco, Cal. 

The cost of mining the material is estimated at approximately 
$1.50 per ton. Haulage to railroad is 75 cents per ton, and freight 
34143—Bull. 69—10-3 


18 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 

rates from Montpelier to the coast are about $4.20 per ton. The 
rock is salable in limited quantities at Montpelier at about $2.50 per 
ton f. o. b. This apparently leaves a very narrow margin of profit 
for the mine owners. This same company has a number of other 
claims about Montpelier, but from none of these have shipments been 
jnade. 

The analytical data for the Montpelier area are given in Table III. 


Table III .—Results of chemical analyses of 'phosphate rocks in the Montpelier area. 
[Townships 12 and 13 south, range 44 east, Boise meridian, Idaho.] 


IDAHO, MONTPELIER AREA. 


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20 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMxNG. 

HOT SPRINGS AREA. 

Another important area in Idaho is near Hot Springs, at the 
northeast corner of Bear Lake,, 16 miles southeast of Montpelier, 
Idaho. Rising precipitately from the lake shore is a high ridge 
running parallel to the lake and separated by a broad gulch from 
the general level of Bear Lake plateau, which forms the high country 
east of Bear Lake. The phosphate series is exposed on the west 
side of this gulch, the Productus limestone forming steep, sharp 
ledges. The series is completely overturned, the Productus lime¬ 
stone dipping under and occurring to the east of the phosphate. 

The Union Phosphate Company has done considerable work in 
this locality. A very good section, representing over 50 feet of the 
phosphate series, was sampled. In this series there are three thin 
strata, aggregating 4 feet 4 inches in all, containing over 32 per cent 
phosphoric acid, but so widely separated as to make mining quite 
expensive. There is, however, a stratum (141-H) 5 feet 10 inches 
thick the phosphate content of which falls just a little below that 
which is commercially considered economical to mine under present 
conditions. It runs 29.1 per cent phosphoric acid. In places this 
stratum contains seams of slialy material, which undoubtedly ac¬ 
counts for the lower phosphate content. Directly under this bed is 
a stratum of pebbly phosphate (141-1) 1 foot 5 inches thick, con¬ 
taining 28 per cent phosphoric acid, and below this stratum there is 
a bed of black shaly material (141-K) 11 feet in thickness, which 
contains 24.3 per cent phosphoric acid. 

About 1 mile north of this mine are other prospects, only one of 
which was sampled. Samples representing but 5 feet were obtained 
here. These samples are of the main beds, which can be traced by 
intermittent exposures for about 5 miles. The strata of pliosphatic 
shales in this region are so numerous, so thick, and contain in the 
aggregate so much phosphoric acid that in time they will become of 
economic importance, although at present many of them have prac¬ 
tically no commercial value, since the superphosphate companies in 
the West consider any material having less than 32 per cent of phos¬ 
phoric acid not worth handling. Moreover, the amount of iron and 
alumina present in these shales is objectionably high for the manu¬ 
facture of superphosphate. These deposits, on the other hand, have 
the advantage of being easily mined and crushed. The phosphate at 
Hot Springs is from 4 to 8 miles distant from the Oregon Short Line 
Railroad at Dingle, Idaho. At present, however, no material is 
being shipped. 

The results of chemical analyses for the Hot Springs fields are 
given in Table IV. 


Table IV .—Results of chemical analyses of phosphate rock in Hot Springs area, Idaho. 

SERIES FROM ONE OF FOUR SHALLOW PROSPECTS, 2 MILES (APPROXIMATELY) SOUTH OF DINGLE, IDAHO. 

[Township 14 south, range 44 east, Boise meridian.] 


IDAHO, HOT SPRINGS AREA. 


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WYOMING, THOMAS FORK AREA. 


23 


WYOMING. 

THOMAS FORK AREA. 

The first important section examined in Wyoming was in the 
Sublette Range of mountains, near the Idaho border. The phosphate 
series is exposed in several minor canyons along the west front of this 
range in the northern part of Thomas Fork Valley. The dip of the 
beds is quite steep, varying from 35° to 85°. The overlying Productus 
limestone stands in sheer massive ledges, in places almost perpendic¬ 
ular, rising as a rock rib 50 to 100 feet above the slopes which cover 
the phosphate series. Samples of the phosphate rock were taken 
from the prospects and exposures in the various canyons for a distance 
of approximately 8 miles. These samples were from the northern 
part of township 26 and the south part of township 27, range 119 
west, sixth principal meridian, Wyoming. 

In township 26 good material was obtained from the claims of the 
Union Phosphate Company in York Canyon, between Francis and 
Leland canyons. On the north side of this gulch, outside of the tun¬ 
nel, is an exposure of phosphate rock 4 feet 4 inches thick (38-A) 
containing 34.3 per cent phosphoric acid, or 73.1 per cent tricalcium 
phosphate. On the south side of the gulch the same bed, somewhat 
thicker, is slightly richer, having 35 per cent phosphoric acid, or 77 
per cent tricalcium phosphate. Samples representing 16 feet of the 
phosphate series were obtained in this canyon. In addition to the 
main bed, a phosphate layer (37-A and B) 8 feet 8 inches thick, 
exposed above, has an average of 21.7 per cent phosphoric acid, or 
47.5 per cent tricalcium phosphate. 

In Francis Canyon, three-fourths of a mile south of York Canyon, 
there is a larger exposure of the phosphate series. In township 26 
there are two main strata of phosphate rock, the upper one varying 
from 3 to 3J feet in thickness and having 32.5 to 35 per cent phos¬ 
phoric acid, and the other, stratigraphically a lower bed, carrying 
from 26 to 32 per cent phosphoric acid. These beds are separated 
by 40 to 50 feet of phosphatic limestones and shales. Apart from the 
two main beds just mentioned, the remaining material exposed in 
this canyon is of rather low grade. Two beds, however (the first 
directly above and the second directly below the lower main bed), of 
8 feet 6 inches and 4 feet 2 inches, respectively (36-1 and L), con¬ 
tain about 13 per cent phosphoric acid, or 28.5 per cent tricalcium 
phosphate. 

In Leland Canyon only one sample was obtained, owing to the poor 
exposures. This was evidently one of the main beds, and has an 
average of 30 per cent phosphoric acid, or 65 per cent tricalcium 
phosphate. 


24 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 

In Jackson Canyon, north of Leland Canyon, only tlie upper (40-A) 
of the two main beds is exposed. It runs 32.7 per cent phosphoric 
acid, or 71.6 per cent tricalcium phosphate. Some of the underlying 
shales and limestones were sampled and found to be low in phosphate. 

In Coal Canyon, north of Jackson Canyon, there is a good exposure 
of the phosphate series. The first good bed occurs only 9 or 10 feet 
below the Productus limestone (41-A) and is 3 feet 9 inches thick, 
the rock containing 27 per cent phosphoric acid. There is a second 
bed (41-H) 40 feet below the first, which is 4 feet 6 inches thick and 
contains 26 per cent phosphoric acid. The phosphate rock in this 
gulch is black, soft, and crumbly. It is of lower grade than the ma¬ 
terial found in the other gulches along the mountain range. Owing 
to its jet black and glossy appearance it was at first mistaken for 
coal; hence the name, Coal Canyon. 

On the south side of Raymond Canyon, the gulch north of Coal 
Canyon, there are several prospects on the San Francisco Company 
claims. The rock here is black, oolitic, and very hard, and requires 
blasting to loosen it from the overlying and underlying beds. Only 
the upper (42-B) of the two main beds is exposed here. It is 3 feet 
thick, and contains 32 percent phosphoric acid, or 70.5 per cent tri¬ 
calcium phosphate. It is only 10 feet from the Productus limestone. 

In township 27 there are two excellent exposures of the phosphate 
series, one one-half mile and the other 5 miles north of Raymond 
Canyon. In the first gulch a prospect runs east and west across the 
strike, giving an exposure of 74 feet. The main bed (35-A) is 4 feet 
10 inches thick and contains 33.6 per cent phosphoric acid, or 73.6 
per cent tricalcium phosphate. A short distance below there are 
three strata (35-C-D-E) with a combined thickness of 8 feet 8 
inches, which contain an average of 25 per cent phosphoric acid, or 
54.8 per cent tricalcium phosphate. Twenty-six feet below these is 
a 19-foot stratum of soft brown shalv material containing 20 per cent 
phosphoric acid, or 43.8 per cent tricalcium phosphate. The second 
gulch, 5 miles above, contains several prospects; one running across 
the strike gives a 20-foot exposure of the phosphate series. Just 
north of this prospect is another tunnel running in on the strike, with 
an exposure of the upper main bed (44). This bed is 6 feet thick, 
coarsely oolitic, gray in color, and contains 38.6 per cent phosphoric 
acid, or 84.5 per cent tricalcium phosphate. Under this bed there is 
a stratum 3 feet 4 inches thick. A sample (43-E) of this rock, 
obtained from a prospect south of 44 2 , contained 18.4 per cent phos¬ 
phoric acid, or 40.3 per cent tricalcium phosphate. Almost directly 
under this bed there are two others (43-F-G), aggregating 6 feet 
10 inches, analyses of which give an average of 25 per cent phosphoric 
acid, or nearly 54 per cent tricalcium phosphate. At present the 


WYOMING, THOMAS FORK AREA. 


25 


San Francisco Chemical Company and the Union Phosphate Company 
are operating claims in this area. 

The nearest shipping point to these phosphate beds is Border, from 
4 to 12 miles distant, on the Idaho-Wyoming line. Assessment work 
only is being done in this section. 

Table V gives the results of analyses of samples collected in this 
region. 


26 


PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


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[North half of section 7, township 26 north, range 119 west, sixth principal meridian, Wyoming.] 


WYOMING, THOMAS FORK AREA. 


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♦ 


28 


PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


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WYOMING, COKEVILLE AREA. 


29 


COKEVILLE AREA. 

At the southern end of the Sublette Range of mountains, 2 miles 
east of Cokeville, Wyo., is a mine of the Union Phosphate Company . 
At this point Smith's Fork cuts through the lower end of the moun¬ 
tains and empties into the Bear River. For a distance of approxi- 
matety 10 miles from Francis Canyon southward the phosphate 
entirely disappears from the Sublette Mountains, but reappears at 
the south end of the range at Coketown Butte, on the east flank of a 
steep anticlinal fold. Here the main bed (55-I-K) is about 65 feet 
below the Productus limestone. The deposit has a thickness of 5 
feet 4 inches and contains over 35 per cent phosphoric acid, or 76 per 
cent tricalcium phosphate. It is directly overlain by 3 feet 7 inches 
of calcareous phosphate rock and shale (55-G-H) having an average 
of over 20 per cent phosphoric acid, or 44 per cent tricalcium phos¬ 
phate, and underlain by 1 foot 4 inches of soft phosphatic shale (55-L), 
containing 24.5 per cent phosphoric acid, or 53.7 per cent tricalcium 
phosphate. This shale is discarded in mining. Owing to the poor 
exposures, no samples of the lower strata of the phosphate series 
were obtained in this section. 

The Union Phosphate Company has opened upon the phosphate 
by three tunnels, one above the other, running in on the strike for a 
distance of several hundred feet. The mine is worked by the sloping 
system, the material from the upper levels descending by gravity 
through chutes to the main tunnel, where it is received in cars and 
wheeled to the bins outside, from which it is hauled 2 miles by wagon 
to the Oregon Short Line Railroad at Cokeville. During the last 
three years 6,000 tons of this rock have been shipped to San Fran¬ 
cisco, and probably about 3,000 tons were taken out in 1909. The 
material is harder than at Montpelier, Idaho, blasting and compressed- 
air drills being employed in loosening the rock. The cost of mining 
and hauling the rock to the railroad is approximately $2 per ton. 
The material has been delivered at Cokeville at $2.50 per ton f. o. b. 

About 8 miles east of Cokeville, in Pine Creek Canyon, the Car¬ 
boniferous strata again outcrop, but there are no good exposures of 
the phosphate beds, and no prospecting has been done. One high- 
grade sample gave 35.5 per cent phosphoric acid, or 77.7 per cent 
tricalcium phosphate. Between 12 and 15 miles southeast of Coke¬ 
ville, near Rock Creek, several claims have been located, but the 
material uncovered thus far is low grade. 

Analyses for the Cokeville deposits will be found in Table VI. 


Table VI.— Results of chemical analyses of phosphate rocks in the Cokeville area, Wyoming. 

MINE 2 MILES EAST OF COKEVILLE, WYO. 

[Tract 104, NW. J sec. 4, township 24 north, range 119 west, sixth principal meridian, Wyoming.] 


30 


PHOSPHATE FIELDS OE IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


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WYOMING, COKEVILLE AREA. 


31 


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32 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAFI, AND WYOMING. 

BECKWITH HILLS AREA. 

Fifteen miles south of Cokeville and a few miles southeast of Beck¬ 
with Station are the Beckwith Hills, upon which the phosphate lies 
very near the surface in broad anticlinal and synclinal folds. This 
deposit is promising, for though it is not as extensive as those of 
some other localities, it is close to the surface and has a high content 
of phosphoric acid. This rock differs from that in the areas previously 
described in that it is gray and crumbly, and contains much coarse 
oolitic material less crumbly. The main bed is very near the surface, 
and in some places has completely eroded away. In other places 
this bed has a thickness of from 3 to 5 feet, and contains from 34 to 
36.5 per cent phosphoric acid, or 79.9 per cent tricalcium phosphate. 
Underlying the main bed are a number of other phosphate beds from 
1 to 2 feet in thickness, between which occur strata of phosphatic 
shales and limestones. No material is being shipped from these 
claims, although the hills are only 3 or 4 miles distant from Sage 
Station, Wyo., on the Oregon Short Line Railroad. Several placer 
claims have been located in this section. 

The results of analyses of samples taken in the Beckwith Hills area 
are given in Table VII. 


Table \ II .—Results of chemical analyses of phosphate rocks in the Beckwith Hills area. 

SERIES FROM PAHRANIGAT LODE CLAIM (DUFFIELD & JEFFS). 

[South side of first gulch containing phosphate below Beckwith ranch. SW. J NW. \ sec. 2 , township 21 north, range 120 west, sixth principal meridian, Wyoming.] 


WYOMING, BECKWITH HILLS AREA. 


33 


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34 


PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


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UTAH, CRAWFORD MOUNTAINS AREA. 35 

UTAH. 

CRAWFORD MOUNTAINS AREA. 

The Crawford Mountains extend along or near the boundary 
between Wyoming and Utah north and south for a distance of 20 
miles. The phosphate series in these mountains lies in a narrow 
synclinal fold. On the western side of the range the beds have been 
traced southward for about 10 miles. At this point a fault occurs, 
which seems to have discouraged further prospecting. Samples of 
the phosphate strata were taken in the various canyons along the 
west front of the range wherever there were any exposures. These 
samples were from the outcrops at either flank of the syncline and 
represent in some cases 100 feet of the phosphate series. 

The main bed in both townships examined is from 60 to 100 feet 
below the Productus limestone. It is about 5 feet 4 inches in thick¬ 
ness, and has a 7-inch stratum of shaly phosphate, 3 feet from the top, 
containing only from 21 to 23 per cent phosphoric acid. This shaly 
material is discarded in mining the rock. The remaining 4 feet 9 
inches contains (with one exception) from 32 to 37 per cent phos¬ 
phoric acid, or 70 to 80 per cent tricalcium phosphate. Directly 
under this main bed is a stratum of soft phosphatic shale, from 9 
inches to 51 feet thick, containing from 22 to 31 per cent phosphoric 
acid. 

In Brazer Canyon (township 11) on the east flank of the syncline 
which extends through the mountain range a section of the phosphate 
series was sampled. Here several strata of phosphate rock are 
exposed below the main bed. They occur as follows: About 10 feet 
under the main bed is a stratum (97-E) of hard gray oolitic rock, 
1 foot 9 inches thick, containing 26.8 per cent phosphoric acid, or 
58.7 per cent tricalcium phosphate. Under this and separated from 
it by 8 feet of cherty limestone is a stratum (97-F) of calcareous 
phosphate, 1 foot 2 inches thick, containing 28.7 per cent phosphoric 
acid, or 62.8 per cent tricalcium phosphate. Over 70 feet under this 
stratum are two beds of phosphate (98-A-B), aggregating 4 feet 5 
inches in thickness, containing 25 per cent phosphoric acid, or 54.8 
per cent tricalcium phosphate. 

About 2,000 tons of phosphate rock are being shipped annually to 
Los Angeles, Cal., from the Arickaree lode claim in township 12. 
The main tunnel of this mine runs north and south for a distance of 
400 feet; a lateral tunnel runs 22 degrees west from this for 200 feet 
along the strike. The beds have a steep westerly dip, so the material 
is mined by the overhead stoping and caving system. The rock is 
hauled by wagon 7 miles to the railroad at Sage Station, Wyo. Only 
the main bed (93-A-B-C) and a few inches of very high grade shaly 


36 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 

material (93-E) underlying it were sampled here. The cost of mining 
the material is approximately $1.25 per ton, and hauling $2 per ton. 
The freight rates to California are the same as from Montpelier and 
Cokeville. A number of other claims in this section are being worked 
only to meet the requirements of the assessment law. 

The results of analyses for the Crawford Mountains area are given 
in Table VIII. 


UTAH, CRAWFORD MOUNTAINS AREA. 


37 


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Table VIII .—Results of chemical analyses of phosphate rochs in Cranford Mountains area, Wyoming-Utah —Continued. 
SERIES FROM BRAZER CANYON, 4 MILES EAST OF RANDOLPH, UTAH. EAST FLANK OF SYNCLINE. 

[NE. J NE. I sec. 19, township 11 north, range 8 east, Salt Lake principal meridian, Utah.] 


38 


PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND \V 


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[Samples from open cut on north side of gulch. NE. J NE. \ sec. 8, township 11 north, range 8 east, Salt Lake principal meridian, Utah.] 


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a The abbreviations used in this column are explained on p. 15 . 
































































Table VIII— Results of chemical analyses of phosphate rods in Crawford Mountains area , Wyoming- Utah—Continued. 

SAMPLE (ONLY ONE) FROM COAL CANYON, WEST FLANK OF SYNCLINE (MINED MATERIAL). 

[NE. \ SE. J sec. 7, township 11 north, range 8 east, " ake principal meridian, Utah.] 


40 


PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


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41 


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42 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


WOODRUFF CREEK AREA. 

The next area examined was west of the town of Woodruff, Utah. 
The phosphate beds near the canyon bottoms are here much faulted 
and broken, and the hills are covered with a Tertiary conglomerate, 
the Wasatch formation. In this section a mine has been opened by 
the San Francisco Chemical Company, about 12 miles west of the 
town. The entrance to the mine was badly caved and only poor 
samples of the phosphate strata could be obtained. Some pieces 
picked from an old dump, however, were much richer, though still 
too lean to be of commercial value. Assessment work is being done 
here principally in repairing the road to Woodruff. Since these 
phosphate deposits are too far from the railroad—Evanston, Wyo., 
the nearest shipping point, being about 25 miles away—it is doubtful 
whether mining will pay for many years to come. 

The analytical data are shown in the following table: 


Table IX .—Results of chemical analyses of phosphate rocks in Woodruff area , Utah. 
[Township 8 north, range 5 east, Salt Lake principal meridian, Utah.] 


UTAH, WOODRUFF CREEK AREA. 


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43 




































44 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 


LAKETOWN AREA. 

On the north side of old Laketown Canyon, 1 mile east of the 
mouth, there is an overturned anticline, and a fault zone, bringing 
the phosphate against the Mississippian limestone. A much crushed 
bed of phosphate along this fault is the only one that had been 
recognized by local prospectors. The exposures of phosphatic strata 
in this canyon are poor—only 6 feet 7 inches of the series were obtained 
by digging a trench on beds that had not before been prospected. 
Much of this material is rich in phosphoric acid. The rock is very 
coarsely oolitic, of a medium gray color, and quite crumbly. It 
resembles the material found in the Beckwith Hills. There has 
been comparatively little prospecting done in this section, though a 
few claims have been located. Laketown is reached by stage from 
Montpelier, Idaho, a distance of approximately 40 miles, and the 
nearest railroad station is Dingle, Idaho, about 28 miles away and 8 
miles from the north end of Bear Lake. In time the lake, which is 
navigable, will probably be used for transporting the material. 

Results of analyses and other data are given in Table X. 


UTAH, LAKETOWN AKEA 


45 


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46 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAH., UTAH, AND WYOMING. 

COMPARISON OF THE WESTERN PHOSPHATE WITH THAT FROM OTHER 

SOURCES. 

Table XI gives the percentage of phosphoric acid and tricalcium 
phosphate in rock from various localities in Idaho, Wyoming, and 
Utah. Table XII gives similar data for phosphate rock and guano 
from other important domestic and foreign fields. 0 The comparison 
shows that these western deposits are among the richest in the world. 

Table XI. — Samples from main phosphate beds, Idaho-Wyoming-Utah. 


State. 

Sample No. 

Idaho. 

144-S. 

Do. 

139-C, D, E, F.... 

Do. 

141-H. 

Do . 

29. 

Do . 

31-A. 

Do . 

33. 

Do . 

5. 

Do. 

8. 

Do. 

14. 

Do. 

21. 

W voming. 

36-F. 



Do. 

37-C. 

Do. 

38-B. 

Do. 

34. 

Do. 

35-A. 

Do. 

44. 

Do. 

45-A, B. 

Do. 

55-A, B. 

Do. 

82...'. 

Do. 

85. 

Do. 

86-A. 

Do. 

87-B. 

Do. 

88. 

U tah. 

92-D. 

Do. 

93-A, B... . 

Do. 

94. 

Do. 

95. 

Do. 

103-C. 

Do. 

108-A. 

Do. 

106-A. 

Do. 

107. 

Do. 

111-B. 

Do. 

99. 

Do. 

100-A. 

Do. 

134-B, C, D, E, F. 


Thick¬ 
ness of 
strata. 

Township and section. 

P 2 O a . 

Ca 3 (PO,) 2 . 

Ft. 

in. 


Per cent. 

Per cent. 

6 

4 

Township 10, what would be 
sec. 30 (unsurveyed). 

36.8 

80.6 

6 

4 

Township 14, SE. { . 

34.9 

76.4 

5 

10 

Township 15, NW. i NE. \ 
sec 24. 

«>29.1 

6 63.7 

4 

9 

Township 12, NE. i SE. £ 
sec. 30. 

33.5 

73.4 

4 

5 

Township 12, NW. i NE. \ 
sec. 31. 

35.3 

77.3 

4 

10 

.do. 

34.4 

75.1 

5 

0 

Township 13, SW. | sec. 6_ 

34.8 

76.2 

5 

0 

.do. 

35.2 

77.1 

4 

6 

Township 13, SW. J NE. J 
sec. 6. 

36.1 

79.1 

5 

10 

.do. 

37.7 

82.6 

3 

4 

Township 26, NW. \ NE. \ 
sec. 19. 

32.5 

71.2 

5 

10 

Township 26, NE. * SW. J 
sec. 18. 

35.0 

76.7 

4 

0 

.do. 

34.3 

75.1 

4 

6 

Township 27, NW. J NE. J 
sec. 31. 

31.7 

69.4 

4 

10 

.do. 

33.6 

73.6 

6 

0 

Township 27, NW. I NE. \ 
sec. 19. 

38.6 

84.5 

5 

4 

Township 24, tract 104, NW. 
i sec. 4. 

35.0 

76.7 

5 

4 

.do. 

35.5 

77.7 

6 

0 

Township 21, SE. I NW. a 
sec. 2. 

36.6 

80.2 

5 

6 

.do. 

36.0 

78.8 

4 

0 

Township 21, SW. \ NE. I 
sec. 15. 

36.5 

79.9 

3 

0 

Township 21, SW. I SE. i 
sec. 15. 

33.5 

73.4 

2 

10 

Township 21, SW. \ NE. I 
sec. 15. 

36.7 

80.4 

3 

7 

Township 12, lot 5, SE. I sec. 
32. 

35.7 

78.2 

3 

1 

Township 12, lot 4, NE. \ sec. 
32. 

33.5 

73.4 

4 

0 

.do. 

37.7 

82.6 

4 

6 

Township 12, lot 1, NE. I sec. 
32. 

33.8 

74.0 

5 

9 

Township 11, SW. £ SW. J 
sec. 5. 

32.2 

70.5 

4 

1 

Township 11, NE. I SW. a 
sec. 8. 

35.2 

77.1 

3 

2 

Township 11, SW. \ NW. I 
sec. 8. 

32.9 

72.1 

3 

10 

Township 11, near W. £ cor. 
of sec. 8. 

32.5 

71.2 

3 

8 

Township 11, NW. I NW. a 
sec. 17. 

33.3 

72.9 

5 

0 

Township 11, NW. I SW. i 
sec. 17. 

34.7 

76.0 

3 

8 

Township 11, NW. * SE. a 
sec. 18. 

32.7 

71.6 

4 

10 

Township 8, NW. I NE. a 
sec. 32. 

32.0 

70.1 


aTaken from Amer. Fertil. Handbook, 1908, p. 72, and Bui. 94, Agr. Dept, of Pennsylvania. 
6 Low phosphate content due to local streaks of shale. 



































































































MANUFACTURE 0 OF FERTILIZERS. 


47 


Table XII .—Phosphate rock and guanos from various sources. 



P2O5. 

Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 . 

Algerian phosphate. 

Per cent. 

29 to 32 
36 to 39 
19 

35 to 37 
31 to 33 

Per cent. 

63 to 70 
80 to 85 
42 

Apatite. *_*.. 

Caribbean guano. 

Florida hard rock. 

78 to 80 
68 to 73 

Florida land pebble. 

Florida Peace River. 

22 to 30 

58 to 63 

Guilbert Islands phosphate. 

36 to 39 

80 to 85 

Orchilla guano, .t... 

26.8 

59 

Peruvian guano. 

13.5 

30 

South Carolina rock (ground). 

25 to 27 

55 to 60 

South Carolina rock (floats). 

28 

62 

Slag phosphate (American). 

21 

46 

Slag phosphate (German). 

30 

66 

Tennessee phosphate. 

35 to 37 

78 to 80 

Tunisian phosphate. 

26 to 29 

58 to 63 



MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS. 

At present all the phosphate rock mined in the Idaho-Wyoming- 
Utah area is sent to California for fertilizer manufacture. The mate¬ 
rial is handled by factories at Los Angeles and at Stege and Martinez, 
near San Francisco. 

All the factories are run in connection with sulphuric-acid plants. 
Part of the acid is made by roasting calcopyrite containing about 
2 per cent of copper and 48 per cent of sulphur. The ash is treated 
for the recovery of the copper, either by leaching with water or by 
smelting. Another method for the manufacturing of sulphuric acid 
is by the use of high-grade Japanese sulphur. It is estimated that 
the total daily capacity of these and adjacent plants is very close 
to 100 tons of 52° Baume acid. 

In the manufacture of phosphate the phosphate rock may be used 
either raw or mixed with bat guano or dried blood before treatment 
with sulphuric acid. The usual proportions are about 9 parts of 
acid to 10 parts of the rock, ground so as to pass through a 30-mesh 
sieve. After the escape of the carbon dioxide, hydrofluo-silicic acid, 
and other gases, the material solidifies to a porous mass. It is claimed 
that there is an improvement in the superphosphate during storage 
of as much as 1 per cent of soluble phosphoric acid. The total capac¬ 
ity of these plants is estimated at 175 tons per day, but as yet the 
demand in California is below that figure, and the manufactories are 
not running at their full capacity. 

The product of these concerns is put on the market in three forms. 
11 Basic” superphosphate is made by piling acid phosphate and quick¬ 
lime in alternate layers and allowing the whole to stand for several 
days. The finished product, which is said to be largely dicalcium 
phosphate, is used by farmers who wish to avoid the use of acidified 
fertilizers. Other farmers prefer the acidified superphosphate. The 
third form in which the superphosphate is used is in mixtures with 


























48 PHOSPHATE FIELDS OF IDAHO, UTAH, AND WYOMING. 

potash and nitrogen carriers. Besides the three factories already 
referred to, there are others which use the crude superphosphate in 
the manufacture of special brands of mixed fertilizers. 

The consumption of fertilizers in California is steadily growing, 
having increased from 10,000 to 35,000 tons during the last four 
years. As yet the principal consumption is in the citrus-fruit belt 
of southern California and in grain-growing sections of the State the 
use of superphosphate is increasing. Superphosphates are sold on 
a basis of the so-called “ available ’’ phosphoric acid determined by 
the solubility of the phosphate in certain citrate solutions.® The 
wholesale price in California is 65 cents per unit of phosphoric acid 
and the retail price $1 per unit. In other words, material sold on a 
guaranty of 17 per cent of available P 5 0 5 brings $17 a ton. 

OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE. 

There is little prospect that the western phosphates will be exten¬ 
sively mined in the near future owing to the great distances to present 
markets. However, with the growing demand in the West for ferti¬ 
lizers and the gradual depletion of the more accessible deposits, 
these western fields will undoubtedly come more and more into 
prominence. It would seem obvious that the utmost care should 
be exercised in granting mining rights, and, if possible, these rights 
should be granted with such control over the mining operations as 
to prevent wanton waste of lower-grade deposits which, though not 
at present of value for fertilizer manufacture, will be utilized at a 
more remote date. 

°Bul. 107, Bureau of Chemistry, p. 3; Leavens, Geo. D. A discussion of methods 
for Determining the Availability of Phosphoric Acid in Thomas Phosphate Powder, 
p. 31-39. 

O 




> z. 


Bui. 69, Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture 


Plate I. 


s. 


v 








10 






r 

w 

£ 



1 


H 





6 

it- 



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18 


Sketch Map Showing Location of Phosphate Deposits in Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. 
















































































































































































































































































































































































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